Indima yezinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ku-grey cast iron
1.Ikhabhoni ne-silicon: Ikhabhoni ne-silicon yizici ezikhuthaza kakhulu i-graphitization. Okulingana nekhabhoni kungasetshenziswa ukukhombisa imiphumela yawo esakhiweni se-metallographic kanye nezakhiwo zemishini ze-grey cast iron. Ukwandisa okulingana nekhabhoni kubangela ukuthi ama-graphite flakes abe mahhadla, ande ngenombolo, futhi ehle amandla nobulukhuni. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukunciphisa okulingana nekhabhoni kunganciphisa inani lamagraphite, kucwengisise igraphite, futhi kwandise inani lama-primary austenite dendrites, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukise izakhiwo zemishini ye-grey cast iron. Nokho, ukunciphisa ukulingana kwekhabhoni kuzoholela ekwehleni kokusebenza kokulingisa.
2.I-Manganese: I-Manganese ngokwayo iyisici esiqinisa i-carbides futhi ivimbele i-graphitization. Inomphumela wokuzinzisa kanye nokucwenga i-pearlite ngensimbi empunga. Ebangeni lika-Mn=0.5% kuya ku-1.0%, ukukhulisa inani le-manganese kusiza ekuthuthukiseni amandla nobulukhuni.
3.I-Phosphorus: Uma okuqukethwe kwe-phosphorus ku-iron cast idlula u-0.02%, i-intergranular phosphorus eutectic ingase ivele. I-solubility ye-phosphorus ku-austenite incane kakhulu. Lapho insimbi ewuketshezi iqina, i-phosphorus isala oketshezini. Uma ukuqiniswa kwe-eutectic sekucishe kuqedwe, ukwakheka kwesigaba soketshezi esisele phakathi kwamaqembu e-eutectic kuseduze nokwakheka kwe-ternary eutectic (Fe-2%, C-7%, P). Lesi sigaba soketshezi siqina cishe ku-955 ℃. Uma insimbi eyinsimbi iqina, i-molybdenum, i-chromium, i-tungsten ne-vanadium zonke zihlukaniswa esigabeni soketshezi olucebile nge-phosphorus, okwandisa inani le-phosphorus eutectic. Lapho okuqukethwe kwe-phosphorus ku-cast iron kuphezulu, ngaphezu kwemiphumela eyingozi ye-phosphorus eutectic ngokwayo, izophinde inciphise izakhi ze-alloying eziqukethwe ku-matrix yensimbi, ngaleyo ndlela yenza buthaka umphumela wezinto ezihlanganisiwe. Uketshezi lwe-phosphorus eutectic luyi-mushy eduze kweqembu le-eutectic eliqina futhi likhule, futhi kunzima ukugcwaliswa ngesikhathi sokuncipha kokuqina, futhi ukubunjwa kunomkhuba omkhulu wokuncipha.
4.Isibabule: Sehlisa ukugcwala kwensimbi encibilikisiwe futhi sikhulise ukuthambekela kokubunjwa kokuqhekeka kushisa. Kuyisici esiyingozi ekulingiseni. Ngakho-ke, abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi ukuncipha kokuqukethwe kwesibabule, kungcono. Eqinisweni, lapho okuqukethwe kwesibabule kungu-≤0.05%, lolu hlobo lwensimbi ekhonjiwe alusebenzi ku-inoculant evamile esiyisebenzisayo. Isizathu siwukuthi i-inoculation ibola ngokushesha, futhi amabala amhlophe avame ukuvela kuma-castings.
I-5.I-Copper: I-Copper iyingxenye ye-alloying evame ukungezwa ekukhiqizeni insimbi empunga. Isizathu esikhulu ukuthi ithusi linendawo encibilikayo ephansi (1083℃), kulula ukuncibilika, futhi linomphumela omuhle wokuhlanganisa. Ikhono le-graphitization lethusi licishe libe ngu-1/5 we-silicon, ngakho-ke linganciphisa ukuthambekela kwensimbi ekhonjiwe ukuthi ibe nokulingwa okumhlophe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ithusi linganciphisa izinga lokushisa elibalulekile lokuguqulwa kwe-austenite. Ngakho-ke, ithusi lingakhuthaza ukwakheka kwe-pearlite, ikhulise okuqukethwe kwe-pearlite, futhi icwenge i-pearlite futhi iqinise i-pearlite ne-ferrite kuyo, ngaleyo ndlela ikhulise ubulukhuni namandla ensimbi ekhonjiwe. Kodwa-ke, ukuphakama kwenani lethusi, kungcono. Inani elifanele lethusi elengeziwe lingu-0.2% kuya ku-0.4%. Uma ungeza inani elikhulu lethusi, ukwengeza ithini ne-chromium ngesikhathi esifanayo kuyingozi ekusebenzeni kokusika. Kuzodala inani elikhulu lesakhiwo se-sorbite esizokhiqizwa esakhiweni se-matrix.
6.I-Chromium: Umphumela we-alloying we-chromium unamandla kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi ukungezwa kwe-chromium kwandisa ukuthambekela kwensimbi encibilikisiwe ukuze ibe nokubunjwa okumhlophe, futhi ukubunjwa kulula ukushwabana, okuholela ekumosheni. Ngakho-ke, inani le-chromium kufanele lilawulwe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuthenjwa ukuthi insimbi encibilikisiwe iqukethe inani elithile le-chromium ukuthuthukisa amandla nobulukhuni bokubunjwa; ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-chromium ilawulwa ngokuqinile emkhawulweni ophansi ukuvimbela ukubunjwa ekuncipheni futhi kubangele ukwanda kwezinga le-scrap. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwendabuko kubamba ukuthi lapho okuqukethwe kwe-chromium yensimbi yoqobo encibilikisiwe kudlula u-0.35%, kuzoba nomthelela obulalayo ekubunjweni.
7. I-Molybdenum: I-Molybdenum iyisici esivamile esakha inhlanganisela kanye ne-pearlite eqinile eqinisayo. Ingakwazi ukucwenga i-graphite. Lapho i-ωMo<0.8%, i-molybdenum ingakwazi ukuhlanza i-pearlite futhi iqinise i-ferrite ku-pearlite, ngaleyo ndlela ithuthukise ngempumelelo amandla nobulukhuni bensimbi ekhonjiwe.
Kufanele kuqashelwe izinkinga eziningana ngensimbi empunga
I-1.Ukwandisa ukushisa noma ukwandisa isikhathi sokubamba kungenza ama-cores akhona e-heterogeneous ekuncibilikeni anyamalale noma anciphise ukusebenza kwawo, ukunciphisa inani lezinhlamvu ze-austenite.
2.I-Titanium inomphumela wokucwenga i-austenite eyinhloko ngensimbi empunga. Ngoba i-titanium carbides, i-nitrides, ne-carbonitrides ingaba isisekelo se-austenite nucleation. I-Titanium ingakhuphula umnyombo we-austenite futhi icwenge okusanhlamvu kwe-austenite. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho kune-Ti eyeqile ensimbi encibilikisiwe, i-S esensimbi izosabela nge-Ti esikhundleni sika-Mn ukuze yakhe izinhlayiya ze-TiS. I-graphite core ye-TiS ayisebenzi njengaleyo ye-MnS. Ngakho-ke, ukwakheka kwe-eutectic graphite core kubambezelekile, ngaleyo ndlela kukhulisa isikhathi sokuna kwe-austenite eyinhloko. I-Vanadium, i-chromium, i-aluminium, ne-zirconium ifana ne-titanium ngoba kulula ukwenza i-carbides, i-nitrides, ne-carbonitrides, futhi ingaba ama-austenite cores.
3.Kunomehluko omkhulu emiphumeleni yemijovo ehlukahlukene enanini lamaqoqo e-eutectic, ahlelwe ngendlela elandelayo: CaSi>ZrFeSi>75FeSi>BaSi>SrFeSi. I-FeSi equkethe i-Sr noma i-Ti inomphumela obuthaka enanini lamaqoqo e-eutectic. Ama-inoculants aqukethe umhlaba ongavamile anomphumela omuhle kakhulu, futhi umphumela ubonakala kakhulu uma uhlanganiswa ne-Al kanye ne-N. Ferrosilicon equkethe i-Al ne-Bi ingakhuphula kakhulu inani lamaqoqo e-eutectic.
4. Izinhlamvu ze-graphite-austenite zezigaba ezimbili zokukhula kwe-symbiotic ezakhiwe nge-graphite nuclei njengoba isikhungo sibizwa ngokuthi amaqoqo e-eutectic. Ama-submicroscopic graphite aggregates, izinhlayiya ze-graphite ezisele ezingancibilikisiwe, amagatsha ayinhloko e-graphite flake, ama-high melting point compounds kanye ne-gas inclusions ekhona kunsimbi encibilikisiwe futhi ingaba ama-cores e-eutectic graphite nawo ayingxenye yamaqoqo e-eutectic. Njengoba i-eutectic nucleus iyindawo yokuqala yokukhula kweqoqo le-eutectic, inani lamaqoqo e-eutectic libonisa inani lama-cores angakhula abe yi-graphite oketshezini lwensimbi ye-eutectic. Izinto ezithinta inani lamaqoqo e-eutectic zihlanganisa ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, isimo esiyinhloko sensimbi encibilikisiwe kanye nezinga lokupholisa.
Inani lekhabhoni ne-silicon ekubunjweni kwamakhemikhali kunethonya elibalulekile. Lapho i-carbon equivalent isondela ekubunjweni kwe-eutectic, kuba khona amaqoqo e-eutectic amaningi. I-S ingenye into ebalulekile ethinta amaqoqo e-eutectic e-grey cast iron. Okuqukethwe kwesulfure okuphansi akusizi ekwandiseni amaqoqo e-eutectic, ngoba i-sulfide ensimbi encibilikisiwe iyinto ebalulekile ye-graphite core. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isibabule singanciphisa amandla ahlanganayo phakathi kwengqikithi ehlukahlukene kanye nokuncibilika, ukuze ama-cores amaningi asebenze. Uma i-W (S) ingaphansi kuka-0.03%, inani lamaqoqo e-eutectic liyancipha kakhulu, futhi umphumela wokujova uyancipha.
Lapho ingxenye enkulu ye-Mn ingaphakathi kuka-2%, inani le-Mn liyakhuphuka, futhi inani lamaqoqo e-eutectic liyakhuphuka ngokufanele. I-Nb kulula ukukhiqiza izinhlanganisela zekhabhoni ne-nitrogen kunsimbi encibilikisiwe, esebenza njengomgogodla wegraphite ukukhulisa amaqoqo e-eutectic. I-Ti kanye ne-V inciphisa inani lamaqoqo e-eutectic ngoba i-vanadium inciphisa ukuhlushwa kwe-carbon; i-titanium ithwebula kalula i-S ku-MnS ne-MgS ukuze yakhe i-titanium sulfide, futhi ikhono layo le-nucleation alisebenzi njenge-MnS ne-MgS. I-N kunsimbi encibilikisiwe inyusa inani lamaqoqo e-eutectic. Uma okuqukethwe kwe-N kungaphansi kuka-350 x10-6, akubonakali. Ngemva kokudlula inani elithile, i-supercooling iyanda, ngaleyo ndlela ikhulise inani lamaqoqo e-eutectic. I-oksijeni ensimbi encibilikisiwe yenza kalula ukuhlanganisa okuhlukahlukene kwe-oxide njengama-cores, ngakho-ke njengoba umoya-mpilo ukhula, inani lamaqoqo e-eutectic liyakhula. Ngokungeziwe ekwakhiweni kwamakhemikhali, isimo esiyinhloko se-eutectic melt siyisici esinomthelela obalulekile. Ukugcina izinga lokushisa eliphezulu nokushisa ngokweqile isikhathi eside kuzokwenza ukuthi umgogodla wangempela unyamalale noma wehle, unciphise inani lamaqoqo e-eutectic, futhi ukwandise ububanzi. Ukwelashwa kwe-inoculation kungathuthukisa kakhulu isimo esiyinhloko futhi kwandise inani lamaqoqo e-eutectic. Izinga lokupholisa linomthelela osobala kakhulu enanini lamaqoqo e-eutectic. Lapho ukupholisa kushesha, kuba khona amaqoqo e-eutectic.
5.Inani lamaqoqo e-eutectic libonisa ngokuqondile ukujiya kwezinhlamvu ze-eutectic. Ngokuvamile, okusanhlamvu okuhle kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kwezinsimbi. Ngaphansi kwesisekelo sokwakheka kwamakhemikhali okufanayo kanye nohlobo lwe-graphite, njengoba inani lamaqoqo e-eutectic likhula, amandla e-tensile ayanda, ngoba amashidi e-graphite kumaqoqo e-eutectic aba ngcono njengoba inani lamaqoqo e-eutectic likhula, okwandisa amandla. Kodwa-ke, ngokwanda kokuqukethwe kwe-silicon, inani lamaqembu e-eutectic likhuphuka kakhulu, kodwa amandla ayancipha esikhundleni; amandla e-cast iron ayanda ngokunyuka kwezinga lokushisa elishisayo (kuya ku-1500 ℃), kodwa ngalesi sikhathi, inani lamaqembu e-eutectic liyancipha kakhulu. Ubudlelwano phakathi komthetho woshintsho lwenani lamaqembu e-eutectic okubangelwa ukwelashwa kokujova isikhathi eside kanye nokwanda kwamandla abunawo umkhuba ofanayo. Amandla atholwe ngokwelashwa kwe-inoculation nge-FeSi equkethe i-Si ne-Ba iphakeme kunaleyo etholwe nge-CaSi, kodwa inani lamaqembu e-eutectic e-cast iron lincane kakhulu kune-CaSi. Ngokukhula kwenani lamaqembu e-eutectic, ukuthambekela kokuncipha kwe-cast iron kuyanda. Ukuze uvimbele ukwakheka kwe-shrinkage ezingxenyeni ezincane, inani lamaqembu e-eutectic kufanele lilawulwe ngaphansi kuka-300 ~ 400 / cm2.
6. Ukwengeza izakhi ze-alloy (Cr, Mn, Mo, Mg, Ti, Ce, Sb) ezikhuthaza ukupholisa kwe-supercooling kuma-inoculants e-graphitized kungathuthukisa izinga lokupholisa okukhulu kwe-iron cast, kucwengisise okusanhlamvu, kwandise inani le-austenite futhi kukhuthaze ukwakheka i-pearlite. Izakhi ezisebenzayo ezingaphezulu (Te, Bi, 5b) zingakhangiswa ebusweni be-graphite nuclei ukuze kukhawulwe ukukhula kwegraphite nokunciphisa usayizi wegraphite, ukuze kufezwe inhloso yokuthuthukisa izakhiwo zemishini ezibanzi, ukwenza ngcono ukufana, nokwandisa umthethonqubo wenhlangano. Lesi simiso sisetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni i-high carbon cast iron (njengezingxenye zamabhuleki).
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-05-2024
