Isingeniso
I-Casting ubuchwepheshe bokuqala bensimbi bokucutshungulwa kokushisa okwenziwa abantu, nomlando weminyaka engaba ngu-6,000. I-China ingene endumisweni yokulingisa ithusi phakathi kuka-1700 BC no-1000 BC, futhi ubuciko bayo bufinyelele ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu. Izinto zesikhunta zingaba isihlabathi, insimbi noma ngisho ne-ceramic. Ngokuya ngezidingo, izindlela ezisetshenziswayo zizohluka. Yiziphi izici zenqubo ngayinye yokulingisa? Hlobo luni lwemikhiqizo olufanele?
1. Ukubunjwa kwesihlabathi
Izinto zokusakaza: izinto ezihlukahlukene
Ikhwalithi yokusakaza: amashumi amagremu kuya kumashumi amathani, amakhulu amathani
Ikhwalithi yendawo yokusakaza: impofu
Isakhiwo sokusakaza: silula
Izindleko zokukhiqiza: ziphansi
Ububanzi bokusebenza: Izindlela zokusakaza ezisetshenziswa kakhulu. Ukubunjwa kwezandla kulungele izingcezu ezingashadile, ama-batches amancane nama-castings amakhulu anezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi okunzima ukusebenzisa umshini wokubumba. Ukumodela komshini kulungele ukulingisa okuphakathi nendawo nokuncane okukhiqizwa ngamaqoqo.
Izici zenqubo: Ukumodela okwenziwa mathupha: kuyavumelana nezimo futhi kulula, kodwa kunokukhiqiza okuphansi, amandla okusebenza aphezulu, nokunemba kobukhulu obuphansi kanye nekhwalithi yendawo. Ukumodela komshini: ukunemba okuphezulu kwe-dimensional nekhwalithi yendawo, kodwa ukutshalwa kwezimali okuphezulu.
Incazelo emfushane: Ukulingwa kwesihlabathi kuyinqubo esetshenziswa kakhulu embonini yokusungula namuhla. Ifanele izinto ezihlukahlukene. Ama-alloys angama-ferrous kanye nama-alloys angeyona insimbi angaphonswa ngesikhunta sesihlabathi. Ingakhiqiza ukulingwa okusukela emashumini amagremu kuya emashumini amathani nangaphezulu. Ububi bokubunjwa kwesihlabathi ukuthi kungakhiqiza kuphela ama-castings anezakhiwo ezilula. Inzuzo enkulu yokukhipha isihlabathi yilezi: izindleko eziphansi zokukhiqiza. Kodwa-ke, mayelana nokuqedwa kwendawo, i-casting metallography, kanye nokuminyana kwangaphakathi, iphansi kakhulu. Ngokuphathelene nokumodela, kungaba okumise okwezandla noma umshini. Ukubunjwa kwezandla kulungele izingcezu ezingashadile, ama-batches amancane nama-castings amakhulu anezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi okunzima ukusebenzisa umshini wokubumba. Ukumodela komshini kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukunemba kwendawo kanye nokunemba kobukhulu, kodwa ukutshalwa kwezimali kukhulu uma kuqhathaniswa.
2.Ukutshala imali
Izinto zokusakaza: insimbi eyinsimbi ne-non-ferrous alloy
Ikhwalithi yokusakaza: amagremu amaningana kuya kumakhilogremu amaningana
Ikhwalithi yendawo yokusakaza: yinhle kakhulu
Isakhiwo sokusakaza: noma yikuphi ukuyinkimbinkimbi
Izindleko zokukhiqiza: Uma kukhiqizwa ngobuningi, ishibhile kunokukhiqizwa komshini ngokuphelele.
Ububanzi bokusebenza: Amaqoqo ahlukahlukene okunemba okuncane nokuyinkimbinkimbi kwensimbi ekhonjiwe kanye nama-alloys aphezulu ancibilika, afaneleka kakhulu ukusakaza imisebenzi yobuciko kanye nezingxenye zemishini ezinembayo.
Izici zenqubo: ukunemba kwe-dimensional, indawo ebushelelezi, kodwa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza okuphansi.
Incazelo emfushane: Inqubo yokutshala imali iqale ngaphambilini. Ezweni lethu, inqubo yokutshala imali isetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni ubucwebe bezikhulu ngesikhathi seNtwasahlobo neNkwindla. Ukusakazwa kokutshalwa kwezimali ngokuvamile kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi akufanelekile ukulingisa okukhulu. Inqubo iyinkimbinkimbi futhi kunzima ukuyilawula, futhi izinto ezisetshenziswayo nezisetshenziswayo zibiza kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ilungele ukukhiqizwa kwezingxenye ezincane ezinobumo obuyinkimbinkimbi, izidingo zokunemba okuphezulu, noma okunzima ukwenza okunye ukucutshungulwa, njengama-blade enjini ye-turbine.
3. Ukukhishwa kwegwebu okulahlekile
Izinto zokusakaza: izinto ezihlukahlukene
Isisindo sokuphonsa: amagremu amaningana kuya kumathani amaningana
Ikhwalithi yendawo yokusakaza: kuhle
Ukwakheka kokusakaza: kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu
Izindleko zokukhiqiza: ziphansi
Ububanzi bokusebenza: ukusakazwa okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu nokuhlukahlukene kwe-alloy kumaqoqo ahlukene.
Izici zenqubo: Ukunemba kwe-dimensional kokulingisa kuphezulu, inkululeko yokuklama yokulingisa inkulu, futhi inqubo ilula, kodwa ukushiswa kwephethini kunemiphumela ethile yemvelo.
Incazelo emfushane: Ukukhipha igwebu elilahlekile ukuhlanganisa nokuhlanganisa upharafini noma amamodeli egwebu afana nosayizi nokuma kokulingisa abe amaqoqo amamodeli. Ngemuva kokuxubha ngopende ophikisayo nokomisa, zingcwatshwa esihlabathini esomile se-quartz futhi zidlidlize ukuze zibumbe, futhi zithelwe ngaphansi kwengcindezi engalungile ukuze zenze iqoqo lemodeli. Indlela entsha yokulingisa lapho imodeli ihwamuka, insimbi ewuketshezi ithatha indawo yemodeli, futhi iqine futhi iphole ukuze yakhe ukusakaza. Ukukhipha igwebu elilahlekile kuyinqubo entsha cishe engenawo umkhawulo nokubumba okunembile. Le nqubo ayidingi ukuthatha isikhunta, akukho ndawo ehlukanisayo, futhi akukho core wesihlabathi. Ngakho-ke, ukulingisa akunawo ama-flash, ama-burrs, kanye nemithambeka esalungiswa, futhi kunciphisa inani leziphambeko eziyinhloko zesikhunta. Amaphutha e-Dimensional abangelwa ukuhlanganiswa.
Izindlela zokulingisa ezingenhla eziyishumi nanye zinezici zenqubo ezihlukene. Emkhiqizweni wokulingisa, izindlela zokulingisa ezihambisanayo kufanele zikhethelwe ukulingisa okuhlukene. Eqinisweni, kunzima ukusho ukuthi inqubo yokulingisa okunzima ukuyikhulisa inezinzuzo eziphelele. Ekukhiqizeni, wonke umuntu uphinde akhethe inqubo esebenzayo kanye nendlela yenqubo enezindleko eziphansi zokusebenza.
4. I-Centrifugal Casting
Izinto zokuphonsa: insimbi empunga, i-ductile iron
Ikhwalithi yokusakaza: amashumi amakhilogremu kuya kumathani amaningana
Ikhwalithi yendawo yokusakaza: kuhle
Isakhiwo sokusakaza: ngokuvamile ama-cylindrical castings
Izindleko zokukhiqiza: ziphansi
Ububanzi bokusebenza: amaqoqo amancane kuya kwamakhulu wokulingisa umzimba ojikelezayo kanye nokufakwa kwamapayipi obubanzi obuhlukahlukene.
Izici zenqubo: Ukusakaza kunokunemba okuphezulu kobukhulu, indawo ebushelelezi, isakhiwo esiminyene, nokusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza okuphezulu.
Incazelo emfushane: I-Centrifugal casting (i-centrifugal casting) ibhekisela endleleni yokuphonsa lapho insimbi ewuketshezi ithululelwa esikhunjeni esijikelezayo, igcwaliswe futhi iqiniswe ibe yi-casting ngaphansi kwesenzo samandla ase-centrifugal. Umshini osetshenziselwa ukusakaza kwe-centrifugal ubizwa ngokuthi umshini wokuphonsa we-centrifugal.
[Isingeniso] Ilungelo lobunikazi lokuqala le-centrifugal casting lahlongozwa yi-British Erchardt ngo-1809. Kwaze kwaba ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili lapho le ndlela yamukelwa khona kancane kancane ekukhiqizeni. Ngawo-1930, izwe lethu laqala ukusebenzisa amashubhu e-centrifugal kanye nokubunjwa kwesilinda njengamapayipi ensimbi, imikhono yethusi, ama-cylinder liners, imikhono yethusi ene-bimetallic steel-backed copper, njll. Ukukhishwa kwe-Centrifugal cishe kuyindlela enkulu; ngaphezu kwalokho, kuma-roller ensimbi angangeni ekushiseni, ezinye izikhala zensimbi ezikhethekile ezingenamthungo, izigubhu zokomisa umshini wephepha nezinye izindawo zokukhiqiza, indlela yokukhipha i-centrifugal nayo isetshenziswa ngempumelelo kakhulu. Njengamanje, imishini yokukhipha i-centrifugal eklanywe kakhulu futhi ezishintshayo iye yakhiqizwa, futhi sekwakhiwe indawo yokusebenzela yokukhipha amapayipi emaphakathi ekhiqizwe ngobuningi.
5. Ukukhipha ingcindezi ephansi
Izinto zokusakaza: ingxubevange engeyona insimbi
Ikhwalithi yokusakaza: amashumi amagremu kuya kumashumi amakhilogremu
Ikhwalithi yendawo yokusakaza: kuhle
Isakhiwo sokusakaza: inkimbinkimbi (i-sand core iyatholakala)
Izindleko zokukhiqiza: Izindleko zokukhiqiza zohlobo lwensimbi ziphezulu
Ububanzi bokusebenza: amaqoqo amancane, okungcono amaqoqo amakhulu ama-alloy castings amakhulu naphakathi nendawo, futhi angakhiqiza ukulingisa okunezindonga ezincane.
Izici zenqubo: Isakhiwo sokulingisa siminyene, isivuno senqubo siphezulu, okokusebenza kulula, futhi ukubunjwa okuhlukahlukene kungasetshenziswa, kodwa ukukhiqiza kuphansi.
Incazelo emfushane: Ukusakaza komfutho ophansi kuyindlela yokuphonsa lapho insimbi ewuketshezi igcwalisa isikhunta futhi iqine ibe ukusakaza ngaphansi kwesenzo segesi yokucindezela okuphansi. I-low-pressure casting ekuqaleni yayisetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwe-aluminium alloy castings, futhi kamuva ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwanwetshwa ukuze kukhiqizwe ukukhishwa kwethusi, ukubunjwa kwensimbi kanye nokusakazwa kwensimbi okunamaphuzu aphezulu okuncibilika.
6. Ukukhipha ingcindezi
Izinto zokuphonsa: i-aluminium alloy, i-magnesium alloy
Ikhwalithi yokusakaza: amagremu amaningana kuya kumashumi amakhilogremu
Ikhwalithi yendawo yokusakaza: kuhle
Isakhiwo sokusakaza: inkimbinkimbi (i-sand core iyatholakala)
Izindleko zokukhiqiza: Imishini yokufaka izinto ezifayo kanye nesikhunta kuyabiza ukwenza
Ububanzi bokusebenza: Ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi kokusakazwa kwengxubevange emincane nosayizi omaphakathi okungeyona i-ferrous, ukusakazwa kwezindonga ezincanyana, kanye nokusakazwa okukwazi ukumelana nokucindezela.
Izici zenqubo: Ukusakaza kunokunemba okuphezulu kobukhulu, indawo ebushelelezi, ukwakheka okuminyene, ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza okuphezulu, kanye nezindleko eziphansi, kodwa izindleko zemishini yokusakaza nokubumba ziphezulu.
Incazelo emfushane: Ukusakazwa kwengcindezi kunezici ezimbili ezinkulu: umfutho ophezulu kanye nokugcwalisa isivinini esikhulu sokubumba okufayo. Ingcindezi eqondene nomjovo esetshenziswa kakhulu isuka ezinkulungwaneni ezimbalwa ukuya emashumini ezinkulungwane ze-kPa, noma iphakame njenge-2×105kPa. Isivinini sokugcwalisa singaba ngu-10 ~ 50m/s, futhi ngezinye izikhathi singafinyelela ngisho nangaphezu kuka-100m/s. Isikhathi sokugcwalisa sifushane kakhulu, ngokuvamile kububanzi obungu-0.01~0.2s. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela zokulingisa, i-die casting inezinzuzo ezintathu ezilandelayo: ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo omuhle, ukunemba okuphezulu kokulingisa, ngokuvamile okulingana nezinga lesi-6 kuya ku-7, noma kuze kufike ezingeni lesi-4; ukuqedwa okuhle kwendawo, ngokuvamile okulingana nezinga lesi-5 kuye ku-8; amandla Inobunzima obuphakeme, futhi amandla ayo ngokuvamile aphezulu ngo-25% kuya ku-30% ngaphezu kwalawo okwenziwa kwesihlabathi, kodwa ubude bayo buncipha cishe ngo-70%; inobukhulu obuzinzile nokushintshana okuhle; ingafa-cast izindonga ezincane neziyinkimbinkimbi. Isibonelo, ubuncane bamanje bodonga obukhulu bezingxenye ze-zinc alloy die-casting bungafinyelela ku-0.3mm; ubukhulu bodonga obuncane be-aluminium alloy castings bungafinyelela ku-0.5mm; ubuncane bembobo yokuphonsa ububanzi ngu-0.7mm; futhi ubuncane bentambo yokuphakama ngu-0.75mm.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-18-2024
